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CBSE has come up with some relaxation for students appearing for their 10th Board examination. The board has changed the pattern and introduced grading system for students facing their first board examinations.
According to the latest information the Central Board Of Secondary Education will declare the 10th Exam date sheet for the year 2010 in last week of December.
For more information and latest updates on CBSE Board 10th Exam Date Sheet 2010 | Central Board Of Secondary Education Class X Datesheet kindly visit the official website – www.cbse.nic.in
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CBSE Board 10th Exam Timetable 2010 | Central Board Of Secondary Education Class X Time Table!
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According to the latest information the Central Board Of Secondary Education will declare the 10th Exam timetable for the year 2010 in last week of December.
For more information and latest updates on CBSE Board 10th Exam Timetable 2010 | Central Board Of Secondary Education Class X Time Table kindly visit the official website – www.cbse.nic.in
According to the latest information the Central Board Of Secondary Education will declare the 10th Exam timetable for the year 2010 in last week of December.
For more information and latest updates on CBSE Board 10th Exam Timetable 2010 | Central Board Of Secondary Education Class X Time Table kindly visit the official website – www.cbse.nic.in
CBSE Board 10th Exam Result 2010 | Central Board Of Secondary Education Class X Results!
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The Central Board Of Secondary Education conducts the board examination for Classes 10th and 12th every year in March.
The datesheet and timetable for the year 2010 will be declared in 2nd week of December.
Board examinations would commence from 1st week Of March 2010 as expected.
The results would be announced in the second week of May 2010.
The results will be made available here as and when they are declared by the Central Board Of Secondary Education.
The Central Board Of Secondary Education conducts the board examination for Classes 10th and 12th every year in March.
The datesheet and timetable for the year 2010 will be declared in 2nd week of December.
Board examinations would commence from 1st week Of March 2010 as expected.
The results would be announced in the second week of May 2010.
The results will be made available here as and when they are declared by the Central Board Of Secondary Education.
CBSE Class 10th Social Science Sample Paper | Class Xth SST Sample Papers!
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For all the students who will appear for the CBSE Board Class 10th Examination for the year 2010 we provide you with social studies sample papers of the year 2008 and 2009.
This would enable you to have a look at the pattern of paper and kinds of questions asked in the board examinations.
Wishing you all the very best.
For CBSE Class 10th Social Science Sample Paper | Class Xth SST Sample Papers kindly click the following links –
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-socsc-x-1-2008.pdf
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-socsc-x-2-2008.pdf
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-socsc-x-3-2008.pdf
http://onlineteachers.co.in/zipped/10social_science_question_paper_2008.pdf
For all the students who will appear for the CBSE Board Class 10th Examination for the year 2010 we provide you with social studies sample papers of the year 2008 and 2009.
This would enable you to have a look at the pattern of paper and kinds of questions asked in the board examinations.
Wishing you all the very best.
For CBSE Class 10th Social Science Sample Paper | Class Xth SST Sample Papers kindly click the following links –
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-socsc-x-1-2008.pdf
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-socsc-x-2-2008.pdf
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-socsc-x-3-2008.pdf
http://onlineteachers.co.in/zipped/10social_science_question_paper_2008.pdf
CBSE Class 10th Science And Technology Sample Paper | Class Xth Science And Technology Sample Papers!
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Students appearing for their CBSE Board Class 10th Examination may go through the previous year papers to know more about the types of questions asked in board examinations.
We provide you with sample papers of science and technology that would help you to have a look at questions asked in biology, physics, chemistry and others in boards.
Wish you good luck.
For CBSE Class 10th Science And Technology Sample Paper | Class Xth Science And Technology Sample Papers kindly click the following links –
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-science-th-x-2008.pdf
http://onlineteachers.co.in/zipped/10science_question_paper_2008.pdf
Students appearing for their CBSE Board Class 10th Examination may go through the previous year papers to know more about the types of questions asked in board examinations.
We provide you with sample papers of science and technology that would help you to have a look at questions asked in biology, physics, chemistry and others in boards.
Wish you good luck.
For CBSE Class 10th Science And Technology Sample Paper | Class Xth Science And Technology Sample Papers kindly click the following links –
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-science-th-x-2008.pdf
http://onlineteachers.co.in/zipped/10science_question_paper_2008.pdf
CBSE Class 10th Science And Technology MCQ Sample Paper | Class Xth Science And Technology Multiple Choice Questions Sample Papers!
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For all the students who will appear for the CBSE Board Class 10th Examination we provide you with Science and Technology Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) sample papers of the year 2008.
For CBSE Class 10th Science And Technology MCQs Sample Paper | Class Xth Science And Technology Multiple Choice Questions Sample Papers kindly click the following links - http://onlineteachers.co.in/zipped/10science_mcq_question_paper_2008.pdf
For all the students who will appear for the CBSE Board Class 10th Examination we provide you with Science and Technology Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) sample papers of the year 2008.
For CBSE Class 10th Science And Technology MCQs Sample Paper | Class Xth Science And Technology Multiple Choice Questions Sample Papers kindly click the following links - http://onlineteachers.co.in/zipped/10science_mcq_question_paper_2008.pdf
CBSE Class 10th Mathematics Sample Paper | Class Xth Maths Sample Papers!
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Mathematics is always considered the most scoring subjects. It is the most awaited paper for those who have a command on it and most dreadful for those who loath it.
Whatever the case may be it is an important subject as it contributes maximum in building up the percentage rather grades from this year onwards.
We provide you with the mathematics sample paper that would help you to practice questions for outstanding grades.
Wishing you all the very best.
For CBSE Class 10th Mathematics Sample Paper | Class Xth Maths Sample Papers kindly click the following link –
http://onlineteachers.co.in/zipped/10mathematics_question_paper_2008.pdf
Mathematics is always considered the most scoring subjects. It is the most awaited paper for those who have a command on it and most dreadful for those who loath it.
Whatever the case may be it is an important subject as it contributes maximum in building up the percentage rather grades from this year onwards.
We provide you with the mathematics sample paper that would help you to practice questions for outstanding grades.
Wishing you all the very best.
For CBSE Class 10th Mathematics Sample Paper | Class Xth Maths Sample Papers kindly click the following link –
http://onlineteachers.co.in/zipped/10mathematics_question_paper_2008.pdf
CBSE Class 10th English Communicative Set 1 Sample Paper | Class Xth English Sample Papers!
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For all the students who will appear for the CBSE Board Class 10th Examination we provide you with English communicative set 1 sample papers of the year 2008.
This would enable you to have a look at the pattern of paper and kinds of questions asked in the board examinations.
Wishing you all the very best.
For CBSE Class 10th English Communicative Set 1 Sample Paper | Class Xth English Sample Papers kindly click the following link –
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-engcomm-x-1-2008.pdf
For all the students who will appear for the CBSE Board Class 10th Examination we provide you with English communicative set 1 sample papers of the year 2008.
This would enable you to have a look at the pattern of paper and kinds of questions asked in the board examinations.
Wishing you all the very best.
For CBSE Class 10th English Communicative Set 1 Sample Paper | Class Xth English Sample Papers kindly click the following link –
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-engcomm-x-1-2008.pdf
CBSE Class 10th English Communicative Set 2 Sample Paper | Class Xth English Sample Papers!
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English sometimes becomes a difficult paper to crack. We make your task easy.
We provide you with previous years English communicative set 2 for your practise.
Wish you luck.
For CBSE Class 10th English Communicative Set 2 Sample Paper | Class Xth English Sample Papers kindly click the following link –
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-engcomm-x-2-2008.pdf
English sometimes becomes a difficult paper to crack. We make your task easy.
We provide you with previous years English communicative set 2 for your practise.
Wish you luck.
For CBSE Class 10th English Communicative Set 2 Sample Paper | Class Xth English Sample Papers kindly click the following link –
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-engcomm-x-2-2008.pdf
Uttarakhand CPMEE 2010 | Uttaranchal Pre Medical Test!
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Uttaranchal Council of Entrance Examination (UCEE) conducts Uttarakhand Common Pre Medical Entrance Examination (CPMEE) for students who aspire to take admission in various private unaided Dental, Ayurvedic, Homeopathic and Medical colleges of Uttarakhand.
Students from all over India appear for this test. Students who have cleared their 10 + 2 or equivalent examination with chemistry, physics Biology and English are eligible to take appear for this test. Students who will appear for their Class 12th examination in 2010 can also appear for this test.
Following are the tentative dates for CPMEE 2010 –
1.Date of Entrance Examination: May 4th week, 2010
2.Availability of Application Forms: March 1st week-May 1st week, 2010
3.Last Date for receipt of completed application forms: May 1st week, 2010
4.Date of CPMEE 2010 – Will be updated soon
For more information and latest updates on Uttarakhand CPMEE 2010 | CPMEE EXAM kindly visit this space - http://www.uceeindia.org/
Uttaranchal Council of Entrance Examination (UCEE) conducts Uttarakhand Common Pre Medical Entrance Examination (CPMEE) for students who aspire to take admission in various private unaided Dental, Ayurvedic, Homeopathic and Medical colleges of Uttarakhand.
Students from all over India appear for this test. Students who have cleared their 10 + 2 or equivalent examination with chemistry, physics Biology and English are eligible to take appear for this test. Students who will appear for their Class 12th examination in 2010 can also appear for this test.
Following are the tentative dates for CPMEE 2010 –
1.Date of Entrance Examination: May 4th week, 2010
2.Availability of Application Forms: March 1st week-May 1st week, 2010
3.Last Date for receipt of completed application forms: May 1st week, 2010
4.Date of CPMEE 2010 – Will be updated soon
For more information and latest updates on Uttarakhand CPMEE 2010 | CPMEE EXAM kindly visit this space - http://www.uceeindia.org/
BHU PMT 2010 | BHU PMT EXAM!!
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Banaras Hindu University is one of the oldest and most reputed universitites in the country which provides higher education in various fields of social sciences, medicine, science, literature, engineering,etc.
Students who wish to take admission in various bachelor medical courses like BDS, BAMS, B.Pharm, MBBS from Banaras University have to qualify an entrance test i.e BHU-Pre Medical Test (PMT).
All India Entrance Test for admissions in MBBS course is held in two stages by Banaras Hindu University in two stages which are – PMT/PAT – 2010 Screening and PMT – 2010 Main. The PMT/PAT is held in order to screen candidates who will further be eligible to take the PMT main test.
Following are the tentative dates for BHU PMT 2010 –
1.Availability of Application Forms from Post Offices: January 1st week-February end, 2010
2.Last Date for availability of Application forms by post: 3rd week of February, 2010
3.Last Date for receipt of Application form: March 2nd week, 2010
4.PMT Screening: May 1st week 2010
5.PMT Mains: June 2nd week 2010
For more information and latest updates on BHU PMT 2010 | BHU PMT EXAM kindly visit the official website – www.bhu.ac.in
Banaras Hindu University is one of the oldest and most reputed universitites in the country which provides higher education in various fields of social sciences, medicine, science, literature, engineering,etc.
Students who wish to take admission in various bachelor medical courses like BDS, BAMS, B.Pharm, MBBS from Banaras University have to qualify an entrance test i.e BHU-Pre Medical Test (PMT).
All India Entrance Test for admissions in MBBS course is held in two stages by Banaras Hindu University in two stages which are – PMT/PAT – 2010 Screening and PMT – 2010 Main. The PMT/PAT is held in order to screen candidates who will further be eligible to take the PMT main test.
Following are the tentative dates for BHU PMT 2010 –
1.Availability of Application Forms from Post Offices: January 1st week-February end, 2010
2.Last Date for availability of Application forms by post: 3rd week of February, 2010
3.Last Date for receipt of Application form: March 2nd week, 2010
4.PMT Screening: May 1st week 2010
5.PMT Mains: June 2nd week 2010
For more information and latest updates on BHU PMT 2010 | BHU PMT EXAM kindly visit the official website – www.bhu.ac.in
MP PMT 2010 | MP PMT EXAM!
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Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board, Bhopal conducts Madhya Pradesh Pre Medical Test (MP PMT) for students who aspire to take admissions in BDS, BVSc, AH and MBBS courses.
50% of the seats in the private medical colleges and all MP seats in Government Colleges is filled through MP PMT. A candidate should be atleast 17 years of age as on 1st july, 2010 and a candidate should have passed 10+2 or equivalent examination with atleast 50% aggregate marks(40% for Reserved Category) in Biology, Chemsitry and Physics.
Following are the tentative dates for MP PMT –
1.Date of Entrance Examination: June 1st week, 2010
2.Availability of Application Forms: April 3rd week, 2010
3.Last Date for receipt of completed application forms: May 2nd week, 2010
4.Date of MP PMT 2010 – Will be updated soon
For more information and latest updates on - MP PMT 2010 | MP PMT EXAM kindly visit this space - www.vyapam.nic.in
Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board, Bhopal conducts Madhya Pradesh Pre Medical Test (MP PMT) for students who aspire to take admissions in BDS, BVSc, AH and MBBS courses.
50% of the seats in the private medical colleges and all MP seats in Government Colleges is filled through MP PMT. A candidate should be atleast 17 years of age as on 1st july, 2010 and a candidate should have passed 10+2 or equivalent examination with atleast 50% aggregate marks(40% for Reserved Category) in Biology, Chemsitry and Physics.
Following are the tentative dates for MP PMT –
1.Date of Entrance Examination: June 1st week, 2010
2.Availability of Application Forms: April 3rd week, 2010
3.Last Date for receipt of completed application forms: May 2nd week, 2010
4.Date of MP PMT 2010 – Will be updated soon
For more information and latest updates on - MP PMT 2010 | MP PMT EXAM kindly visit this space - www.vyapam.nic.in
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MP PMT 2010 | MP PMT EXAM
bsnl jto exam result | bsnl jto exam result 2009!
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BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited) will announce the BSNL JTO exam 2009 results on October 27th, 2009. The BSNL JTO Exam Results can be viewed after 6 Pm at www.bsnl.co.in on October .
BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited) had taken the written Test to recruit as many as 3500 JTO (Junior Telecom Officer) on June 2009. Since then the candidates were eagerly waiting for the JTO results. All the best!!!
BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited) will announce the BSNL JTO exam 2009 results on October 27th, 2009. The BSNL JTO Exam Results can be viewed after 6 Pm at www.bsnl.co.in on October .
BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited) had taken the written Test to recruit as many as 3500 JTO (Junior Telecom Officer) on June 2009. Since then the candidates were eagerly waiting for the JTO results. All the best!!!
EAMCET 2010 | EAMCET EXAM!
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JawaharLal Nehru Technological University (JNTU) on behalf of Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher education (APSCHE) conducts Engineering Agriculture and Medicine Common Entrance Test (EAMCET).
All students aspiring to make their way in private/government colleges in Andhra Pradesh have to qualify EAMCET. This helps them to take admission in courses like medical, veterinary, biotechnology, pharmacy, engineering etc.
Several students appear for this test every year. Students who have cleared their 10 + 2 with chemistry, physics and mathematics are eligible to take appear for this test.
Following are the tentative dates for EAMCET 2010 –
1.Availability of Application Form: Mid February-March End, 2010
2.Last Date of Submission of completed application form: March 3rd week, 2010
3.Date of EAMCET Examination: Mid May, 2010
For more information and latest updates on EAMCET 2010 | EAMCET EXAM kindly visit the official website - www.apeamcet.org
JawaharLal Nehru Technological University (JNTU) on behalf of Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher education (APSCHE) conducts Engineering Agriculture and Medicine Common Entrance Test (EAMCET).
All students aspiring to make their way in private/government colleges in Andhra Pradesh have to qualify EAMCET. This helps them to take admission in courses like medical, veterinary, biotechnology, pharmacy, engineering etc.
Several students appear for this test every year. Students who have cleared their 10 + 2 with chemistry, physics and mathematics are eligible to take appear for this test.
Following are the tentative dates for EAMCET 2010 –
1.Availability of Application Form: Mid February-March End, 2010
2.Last Date of Submission of completed application form: March 3rd week, 2010
3.Date of EAMCET Examination: Mid May, 2010
For more information and latest updates on EAMCET 2010 | EAMCET EXAM kindly visit the official website - www.apeamcet.org
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EAMCET 2010 | EAMCET EXAM
ICET 2010 | ICET EXAM!
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Andhra University, Visakhapatnam on behalf of Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher education (APSCHE) conducts Integrated Common Entrance Test (ICET) for students who wish to pursue MBA and MCA courses in various colleges and universities in Andhra Pradesh.
ICET is conducted in around 20 cities in Andhra Pradesh and there are 22 universities affiliated to it. A candidate needs to at least secure 25% marks in order to qualify for admission through this test.
Following are the tentative dates for ICET 2010 –
1.Date of Entrance Examination: May 2nd week, 2010
2.Availability of Application Forms:February 4th week-March 4th week, 2010
3.Last Date for receipt of completed application forms:March 4th week, 2010(With late fees:Mid-April, 2010)
4.Date of ICET 2010 – Will be updated soon
For more information and latest updates on ICET 2010 | ICET EXAM kindly visit the following space - www.andhrauniverstiy.info
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam on behalf of Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher education (APSCHE) conducts Integrated Common Entrance Test (ICET) for students who wish to pursue MBA and MCA courses in various colleges and universities in Andhra Pradesh.
ICET is conducted in around 20 cities in Andhra Pradesh and there are 22 universities affiliated to it. A candidate needs to at least secure 25% marks in order to qualify for admission through this test.
Following are the tentative dates for ICET 2010 –
1.Date of Entrance Examination: May 2nd week, 2010
2.Availability of Application Forms:February 4th week-March 4th week, 2010
3.Last Date for receipt of completed application forms:March 4th week, 2010(With late fees:Mid-April, 2010)
4.Date of ICET 2010 – Will be updated soon
For more information and latest updates on ICET 2010 | ICET EXAM kindly visit the following space - www.andhrauniverstiy.info
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ICET 2010 | ICET EXAM
TANCET 2010 | TANCET EXAM!
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Anna University on behalf of Tamil Nadu Government conducts Tamil Nadu Common Entrance Test (TANCET) for admission in the professional post-graduate programmes in various Government,Private universities and institutes in Tamil Nadu.It is a qualifying exam for students aspiring to take admission in MBA, MCA, M.Tech, M.Arch, M.Plan and M.E programs.
Anna University-Coimbatore,Anna University-Chennai, Anna University-Tirunelveli, Anna University-Trichy, Government and Government aided Institutes and Government Quota seats in private Institutes are also included in it.
Following are the tentative dates for TANCET 2010 –
1.Date of Entrance Examination: May End, 2010.
2.Availability of Application Forms: April 1st week, 2010
3.Last Date for receipt of completed application forms: April 3rd week, 2010
4.Date of TANCET 2010 – Will be updated soon
For more information and latest updates on TANCET 2010 | TANCET EXAM kindly visit the official website - www.annauniv.edu
Anna University on behalf of Tamil Nadu Government conducts Tamil Nadu Common Entrance Test (TANCET) for admission in the professional post-graduate programmes in various Government,Private universities and institutes in Tamil Nadu.It is a qualifying exam for students aspiring to take admission in MBA, MCA, M.Tech, M.Arch, M.Plan and M.E programs.
Anna University-Coimbatore,Anna University-Chennai, Anna University-Tirunelveli, Anna University-Trichy, Government and Government aided Institutes and Government Quota seats in private Institutes are also included in it.
Following are the tentative dates for TANCET 2010 –
1.Date of Entrance Examination: May End, 2010.
2.Availability of Application Forms: April 1st week, 2010
3.Last Date for receipt of completed application forms: April 3rd week, 2010
4.Date of TANCET 2010 – Will be updated soon
For more information and latest updates on TANCET 2010 | TANCET EXAM kindly visit the official website - www.annauniv.edu
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TANCET 2010 | TANCET EXAM
AIPMT Syllabus | CBSE PMT Physics, Chemistry, Biology Syllabus!
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The Central Board Of Secondary Education (CBSE), New Delhi, will conduct the All India Pre-Medical/Pre-Dental Entrance Examination (AIPMT),2010 pre exam on April 03, 2010, 10.00 A.M to 1.00 P.M and AIPMT main exam on May 16, 2010, 10.00 A.M to 1.00 P.M. Here is the comprehensive syllabus for AIPMT 2010 pre and main exam.
AIPMT physics Syllabus for Pre and Main exam
Unit : 1 Introduction and Measurement
What is Physics? Scope and excitement; Physics in relation to science, society and technology; Need for measurement of physical quantities, units for measurement, systems of units-SI : fundamental and derived units. Dimensions of physical quantities. Dimensional analysis and its applications. Orders of magnitude, Accuracy and errors in measurement – random and instrumental errors, Significant figures and rounding off the numbers.
Graphs, Trigonometric functions, Concepts of differentiation and integration.
Unit : 2 Description of Motion in One Dimension
Objects in motion in one dimension, Motion in straight line, Uniform and non-uniform motion, its graphical representation and formulae, speed and velocity, relative velocity, average speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time graph, position-time graph and their formulae. Relations for uniformly accelerated motion with examples. Acceleration in one-dimensional motion.
Unit : 3 Description of Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
Vectors and scalars quantities, vectors in two and three dimensions, vector addition and multiplication by a real number, null-vector and its properties. Resolution of a vector in a plane, rectangular components. Scalar and vector products. Motion in two dimensions, cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile motion, general relation among position-velocity-acceleration for motion in a plane and uniform circular motion. Motion of objects in three dimensional space (elementary ideas).
Unit : 4 Laws of Motion
Force and inertia, first law of motion. Momentum, second law of motion, impulse, examples of different kinds of forces in nature. Third law of motion, conservation of momentum, rocket propulsion. Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and kinetic frictions, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication, Inertial and non-inertial frames (elementary ideas).
Unit : 5 Work, Energy and Power
Work done by a constant force and by a variable force, unit of work, energy and power. Work Energy Theorem. Elastic and in-elastic collisions in one and two dimensions. Notions of potential energy, conservation of mechanical energy : gravitational potential energy, and its conversion to kinetic energy, potential energy of a spring. Conservative forces. Different forms of energy, mass-energy equivalence, conservation of energy.
Unit : 6 Rotational Motion
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of rigid body, general motion of a rigid body, nature of rotational motion, rotational motion of a single particle in two dimensions only, torque, angular momentum and its geometrical and physical meaning, conservation of angular momentum, examples of circular motion (car on a level circular road, car on banked road, pendulum swinging in a vertical plane). Moment of inertia, its physical significance, moment inertia of uniform bodies with simple geometrical shapes, parallel axis and perpendicular axis theorem (statements only), Comparison between translatory (linear) and rotational motion.
Unit : 7 Gravitation
Acceleration due to gravity, one and two dimensional motion under gravity. Universal law of gravitation, inertial and gravitational mass, variations in the acceleration due to gravity of the earth, statement of Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, orbital velocity, geostationary satellites, gravitational potential, gravitational potential energy near the surface of earth, escape velocity, weightlessness.
Unit : 8 Heat and Thermodynamics
Thermal equilibrium and temperature ( zeroth law of thermodynamics). Heat, work and internal energy. Specific heat, specific heat at constant volume and constant pressure of ideal gas and relation between them. First law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic state, equation of state and isothermals, pressure-temperature phase diagram. Thermodynamic processes (reversible, irreversible, isothermal, adiabatic). Carnot cycle, second law of thermodynamics, efficiency of heat engines. Entropy. Transfer of heat : conduction, convection and radiation. Newton ’s law of cooling.
Thermal conductivity. Black body radiation, Wien’s law, Solar constant and surface temperature of the sun, Stefan’s law,
Unit : 9 Oscillations
Periodic and oscillatory motions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation of motion. Oscillations due to a spring, kinetic energy and potential energy in S.H.M., Simple pendulum, physical concepts of forced oscillations, resonance and damped oscillations; Simple examples.
Unit : 10 Waves
Longitudinal and transverse waves and wave motion, speed of progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves; reflection of waves, harmonic waves (qualitative treatment only), standing waves. Normal modes and its graphical representation. Beats, Doppler effect.
Unit : 11 Electrostatics
Frictional electricity, charges and their conservation, unit of charge, Coulomb’s law, dielectric constant, electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric potential – its physical meaning, potential due to a di-pole, di-pole field and behaviour of dipole in a uniform (2-dimensional) electric field. Flux, Statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find electric field due to uniformly charged simple systems. Conductors and insulators, presence of free charges and bound charges inside a conductor, Capacitance (parallel plate), Dielectric material and its effect on capacitance (concept only), capacitances in series and parallel, energy of a capacitor. Van de Graff generator.
Unit : 12 Current Electricity
Introduction (flow of current), sources of e.m.f., cells : simple, secondary, chargeable, combinations of cells in series and parallel. Electric current, resistance of different materials, temperature dependence, thermistor, specific resistivity, colour code for carbon resistors. Ohm’s law and its limitation. Superconductors (elementary ideas). Kirchoff’s laws, resistances in series and parallel, Wheatstone’s bridge, measurement of resistance. Potentiometer – measurement of e.m.f. and internal resistance of a cell.
Unit : 13 Thermal and Chemical Effects of Currents
Electric power, heating effects of current and Joule’s law. Thermoelectricity: Seebeck effect, measurement of temperature using thermocouple. Chemical effects and Faraday’s laws of electrolysis.
Unit : 14 Magnetic Effect of Currents
Oersted’s observation, Biot-Savart’s law (magnetic field due to an element of current), magnetic field due to a straight wire, circular loop and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in a uniform magnetic field (Lorentz force), cyclotron (simple idea), forces and torques on currents in a magnetic field, forces between two currents, definition of ampere, moving coil galvanometer, ammeter and voltmeter. Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter/ammeter.
Unit : 15 Magnetism
Bar magnet (comparison with a solenoid), magnetic lines of force, torque on a bar magnet in a magnetic field, earth’s magnetic field as a bar magnet, tangent galvanometer, vibration magnetometer. Para, dia and ferromagnetic substances with examples (simple idea). Electromagnets and permanent magnets.
Unit : 16 Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction, Lenz’s Law, induced emf, self and mutual inductance. Alternating current, and voltage, impedance and reactance; A.C. circuits containing inductance, capacitance and resistance; phase relationships, and power in a.c. circuits, L.C oscillations. Electrical machines and devices (transformer, induction coil, generator, simple motors, choke and starter), eddy current.
Unit : 17 Electromagnetic Waves (Qualitative Treatment)
Electromagnetic oscillations, brief history of electromagnetic waves (Maxwell, Hertz, Bose, Marconi). Electromagnetic spectrum (radio, micro-waves, infra-red, optical, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses, propagation of electromagnetic waves in atmosphere.
Unit : 18 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Ray optics as a limiting case of wave optics. Phenomena of reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection. Optical fibre. Curved mirrors, lenses; mirror and lens formulae. Dispersion by a prism. Spectrometer. Absorption and emission spectra. Scattering and formation of rainbow. Telescope (astronomical), microscope, their magnifications and resolving powers.
Unit : 19 Electrons and Photons
Discovery of electron, e/m for an electron, electrical conduction in gases, photoelectric effect, particle nature of light, Einstein’s photoelectric equation, photocells. Matter waves – wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation, Davison and Germer experiment.
Unit : 20 Atoms, Molecules and Nuclei
Rutherford model of the atom, Bohr model, energy quantization. Hydrogen spectrum. Composition of nucleus, atomic masses, binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus, its variation with mass number, isotopes, size of nucleus. Radioactivity : properties of a, b and g rays. Mass energy relation, nuclear fission and fusion.
Unit : 21 Solids and Semiconductor Devices
Crystal structure-Unit cell; single, poly and liquid crystals (concepts only). Energy bands in solids, difference between conductors, insulators and semi-conductors using band theory. Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors,
p-n junction, semiconductor diodes, junction transistor, diode as rectifier, solar cell, photo diode, LED, Zener diode as a voltage regulator, transistor as an amplifier and oscillator. Combination of gates. Elementary ideas about IC.
AIPMT CHEMISTRY Syllabus for Pre and Main exam
Unit : 1 Some basic concepts in Chemistry
Importance of Chemistry, physical quantities and their measurement in Chemistry, SI Units, uncertainty in measurements and use of significant figures, Unit and dimensional analysis, Matter and its nature, laws of chemical combinations, atomic, and molecular, masses mole concept, molar masses, percentage composition and molecular formula, chemical stoichiometry.
Unit : 2 States of matter
Three states of matter, gaseous state, gas laws (Boyle’s Law and Charles Law), Avogadro’s Law, Grahams’Law of diffusion, Dalton’s law of partial pressure, ideal gas equation, Kinetic theory of gases, real gases and deviation from ideal behaviour, van der Waals’ equation, liquefaction of gases and critical points, Intermolecular forces; liquids and solids.
Unit : 3 Atomic structure
Earlier atomic models (Thomson’s and Rutherford) , emission spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr’s model, of hydrogen atom, Limitations of Bohr’s model, dual nature of matter and radiation, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, quantum mechanical model of atom (quantum designation of atomic orbitals and electron energy in terms of principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers), electronic spin and spin quantum numbers, Pauli’s exclusion principle, general idea of screening (constants) of outer electrons by inner electrons in an atom, Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule, atomic orbitals and their pictorial representation, electronic configurations of elements.
Unit : 4 Classification of elements and periodicity in properties
Need and genesis of classification of elements (from Doebereiner to Mendeleev), Modern periodic law and present form of periodic table, Nomenclature of elements with atomic number > 100, electronic configurations of elements and periodic table, electronic configuration and types of elements and s, p, d and f blocks, periodic trends in properties of elements (atomic size, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence/ oxidation states and chemical reactivity).
Unit : 5 Chemical energetics
Some basic concepts in thermodynamics, first law of thermodynamics, heat capacity, measurement of DU and DH, calorimetry, standard enthalpy changes, thermochemical equations, enthalpy changes during phase transformations, Hess’s Law, standard enthalpies of formation, bond enthalpies and calculations based on them.
Unit : 6 Chemical bonding
Kossel -Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, polarity of bonds and concept of electronegativity, valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory , shapes of simple molecules, valence bond theory, hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of molecules s and p bonds; Molecular orbital theory involving homounclear diatomic molecules; Hydrogen-bonding.
Unit : 7 Equilibrium
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant, homogeneous equilibrium, heterogenous equilibrium, application of equilibrium constants, Relationship between reaction quotient Q, equilibrium constant, K and Gibbs’ energy G; factors affecting equilibrium-Le Chateliar’s principle.
Ionic equilibrium
Acids, Bases and Salts and their ionization, weak and strong electrolytes degree of ionization and ionization constants, concept of pH, ionic product of water, buffer solution, common ion effect, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products.
Unit : 8 Redox reactions
Electronic concepts of reduction - oxidation, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.
Unit : 9 Solid state Chemistry
Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids; unit cells in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of a unit cell, packing in solids, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties.
Unit : 10 Chemical thermodynamics
Spontaneous processes, energy and spontaneity , entropy and second law of thermodynamics, concept of absolute entropy, Gibbs energy and spontaneity, Gibbs energy change and equilibrium constant.
Unit : 11 Solutions
Types of solutions, different units for expressing concentration of solution, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), definitions of dilute solutions, vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s Law, Colligative properties, lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling points and osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal values of molecular masses, van’t Hoff factor. simple numerical problems.
Unit : 12 Chemical kinetics
Rate of chemical reactions, factors, affecting rates of reactions –concentration, temperature and catalyst, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law and rate constant, differential and integral forms of first order reaction, half-life (only zero and first order) characteristics of first order reaction, effect of temperature on reactions, Arrhenius theory - activation energy, collision theory of reaction rate (no derivation).
Unit : 13 Electrochemistry
Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variation of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), electrolytic and galvanic cells, emf. of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation, concentration cell, fuel cells, cell potential and Gibbs energy, dry cell and lead accumulator.
Unit : 14 Surface chemistry
Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity, enzyme catalysis, colloidal state, distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic, multimolecular and macromolecular colloids, properties of colloids, Tyndal effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsions - type of emulsions.
Unit :15 Hydrogen
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes of hydrogen, heavy water, hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions and structures; hydrides and their classification.
Unit :16 s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth metals):
Group 1 and Group 2 elements
Electronic configurations and general trends in physical and chemical properties, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship.
Preparation and properties of some important compounds, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate and industrial uses of lime and limestone, biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca.
Unit :17 General principles and processes of isolation of elements
Principles and methods of extraction - concentration, reduction, (chemical and electrolytic methods), and refining.
Occurrence and principles of extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe.
Unit :18 p-Block Elements
Introduction to p-block elements
Electronic configurations and general trends in properties, viz. atomic sizes, ionization enthalpies, electronegativity values, electron gain enthalpies and oxidation states across the periods and down the groups in the p-block.
Unique behaviour of the top element in each group of the block - the covalency limit and the pp - pp overlap in some molecules (e.g. N2, O2) and its consequences; general trend in catenation tendency down each group.
Group-wise study of the p-block Elements
Group 13 - In addition to the general characteristics as outlined above, properties and uses of aluminium, nature of hydrides/ halides and oxides; Properties, structures and uses of diborane boron halides, aluminium chloride, borax, boric acid and alums.
Group 14 - In addition to the general characteristics; carbon – catenation, allotropic forms (diamond and graphite), properties and structures of oxides; silicon - silicon tetrachloride, and structures and uses of silicates, silicones and zeolites.
Group 15 - In addition to the general characteristics, the general trends in the nature and structures of hydrides, halides and oxides of these elements. Preparation and properties of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and halides of phosphorus, structures of the oxoacids of phosphorus.
Group 16 - In addition to the general characteristics, preparations, properties and uses of dioxygen, simple oxides, ozone; sulphur - allotropic forms, compounds of sulphur, preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid, industrial preparations of sulphuric acid, structures of oxoacids of sulphur.
Group 17 - In addition to the general characteristics, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, oxides and oxoacids of halogens (structures only), preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides. Interhalogen compounds (structures only).
Group 18 - General introduction, electronic configurations, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties and uses, - fluorides and oxides of xenon (structures only).
Unit :19 The d-and f-Block elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals –physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic property, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; preparations and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction.
Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.
Unit :20 Coordination compounds
Introduction to ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties, and shapes; IUPAC - nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism , bonding-valence bond approach to the bonding and basic ideas of Crystal Field Theory, colour and magnetic properties. Elementary ideas of metal - carbon bonds and organometallic compounds, importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems).
Unit :21 Some basic principles of Organic Chemistry
- Tetravalence of carbon, hybridization ( s and p ), shapes of simple molecules, functional groups:-C=C-, -CC-and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; homologous series, isomerism.
- General introduction to naming organic compounds-trivial names and IUPAC nomenclature.
- Electronic displacement in a covalent bond; inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation. Fission of covalent bond: free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles, carbocations and carbonanions.
- Common types of organic reactions: substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement reactions.
Unit :22 Hydrocarbons
Alkanes and cycloalkanes : classification of hydrocarbons, alkanes and cycloalkanes, nomenclature and conformations of alkanes and cycloalkanes.
Alkenes and alkynes : Nomenclature and isomerism, general methods of preparation, properties (physical and chemical), mechanism of electrophilic addition, Markownikoff’s rule, peroxide effect, acidic character of alkynes, polymerisation reactions.
Aromatic hydrocarbons : Benzene and its homologues, nomenclature, sources of aromatic hydrocarbons (coal and petroleum), structure of benzene, chemical reaction of benzene-mechanism of electrophilic substitution. Directive influence of substituents and their effect on reactivity.
Petroleum and petrochemicals : Composition of crude oil fractionation and uses, quality of gasoline, LPG, CNG, cracking and reforming, petrochemicals.
Unit :23 Purification and characterization of carbon compounds
- Purification of carbon compounds : filtration, crystallisation, sublimation, distillation chromatography,
- Qualitative analysis : detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
- Quantitative analysis : estimation of different elements (H, N, halogens, S and P)
- Determination of molecular masses : Silver salt method, chloroplatinate salt method, calculations of empirical and molecular formulas.
Unit :24 Organic compounds with functional groups containing halogens (X)
- Nature of C-X bond in haloalkanes and haloarenes, nomenclature, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, reactivity of C-X bond in haloalkanes and haloarenes.
- Some commercially important compounds : dichloro, trichloro and tetrachloromethanes; p-dichlorobenzene, freons, BHC, DDT, their uses and important reactions.
Unit :25 Organic compounds with functional groups containing oxygen
Alcohols and phenols : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; chemical reactivity of phenols in electrophilic substitutions, acidic nature of phenol, ethers: electronic structure, structure of functional group, nomenclature, important methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, some commercially important compounds.
Aldehydes and ketones : Electronic structure of carbonyl group, nomenclature, important methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions, relative reactivity of aldehydic and ketonic groups, acidity of a-hydrogen, aldol condensation. Connizzarro reaction, nucleophilic addition reaction to >C=O groups.
Carboxylic acids : Electronic structure of-COOH, Nomenclature, important methods of preparation, physical properties and effect of substituents on a-carbon on acid strength, chemical reactions.
Derivatives of carboxylic acids : Electronic structure of acid chloride, acid anhydride, ester and amide groups, nomenclature, important methods of preparation, comparative reactivity of acid derivatives. Some commercially important compounds.
Unit :26 Organic Compounds with functional group containing nitrogen
- Structure, nomenclature of nitro, amino, cyano and diazo compounds.
- Nitro compounds – important methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.
- Amines : primary, secondary and tertiary amines, a general awareness, important methods of preparation, physical properties, basic character of amines, chemical reactions.
- Cyanides and isocyanides : preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.
- Diazonium salts : Preparation, chemical reaction and uses of benzene diazonium chloride. Some commercially important nitrogen containg carbon compounds, (aniline, TNT)
Unit :27 Polymers
Classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation: addition-free radical, cationic, anionic polymerization, copolymerisation, natural rubber, vulcanization of rubber, synthetic rubbers, condensation polymers, idea of macromolecules, biodegradable polymers.
Some commercially important polymers (PVC, teflon, polystyrene, nylon-6 and 66, terylene and bakelite).
Unit :28 Environmental Chemistry
Environmental pollution – air, water and soil pollutions, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants, acid-rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, green house effect and global warming – pollution due to industrial wastes, green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for controlling environmental pollution.
Unit :29 Biomolecules
Carbohydrates : Classification, aldose and ketose, monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); important simple chemical reactions of glucose, elementary idea of structure of pentose and hexose.
Proteins : Elementary idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins; primary, secondary and tertiary structure of proteins and quaternary structure (gualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
Vitamins : Classification and functions
Nucleic acids : Chemical composition of DNA and RNA
Lipids : Classification and structure
Hormones : Classification and functions in biosystem.
Unit :30 Chemistry in everyday life
- Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antacids, antihistamins.
- Chemicals in food – preservativess, artificial sweetening agents.
- Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
- Rocket propellants : characteristics and chemicals used.
AIPMT Syllabus for BIOLOGY (BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY) exam 2010
Unit : 1 Diversity in Living World
Biology – its meaning and relevance to mankind
What is living; Taxonomic categories and aids (Botanical gardens, herbaria, museums, zoological parks); Systematics and Binomial system of nomenclature.
Introductory classification of living organisms (Two-kingdom system, Five-kingdom system); Major groups of each kingdom alongwith their salient features (Monera, including Archaebacteria and Cyanobacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia); Viruses; Lichens
Plant kingdom – Salient features of major groups (Algae to Angiosperms);
Animal kingdom – Salient features of Nonchordates up to phylum, and Chordates up to class level.
Unit : 2 Cell : The Unit of Life ; Structure and Function
Cell wall; Cell membrane; Endomembrane system (ER, Golgi apparatus/Dictyosome, Lysosomes, Vacuoles); Mitochondria; Plastids; Ribosomes; Cytoskeleton; Cilia and Flagella; Centrosome and Centriole; Nucleus; Microbodies.
Structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic, and between plant and animal cells. Cell cycle (various phases); Mitosis; Meiosis.
Biomolecules – Structure and function of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids.
Enzymes – Chemical nature, types, properties and mechanism of action.
Unit : 3 Genetics and Evolution
Mendelian inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Gene interaction; Incomplete dominance; Co-dominance; Complementary genes; Multiple alleles;
Linkage and Crossing over; Inheritance patterns of hemophilia and blood groups in humans.
DNA –its organization and replication; Transcription and Translation; Gene expression and regulation; DNA fingerprinting.
Theories and evidences of evolution, including modern Darwinism.
Unit : 4 Structure and Function – Plants
Morphology of a flowering plant; Tissues and tissue systems in plants;
Anatomy and function of root, stem(including modifications), leaf, inflorescence, flower (including position and arrangement of different whorls, placentation), fruit and seed; Types of fruit; Secondary growth;
Absorption and movement of water (including diffusion, osmosis and water relations of cell) and of nutrients; Translocation of food; Transpiration and gaseous exchange; Mechanism of stomatal movement.
Mineral nutrition – Macro- and micro-nutrients in plants including deficiency disorders; Biological nitrogen fixation mechanism.
Photosynthesis – Light reaction, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; Various pathways of carbon dioxide fixation; Photorespiration; Limiting factors .
Respiration – Anaerobic, Fermentation, Aerobic; Glycolysis, TCA cycle; Electron transport system; Energy relations.
Unit : 5 Structure and Function - Animals
Tissues;
Elementary knowledge of morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems of earthworm, cockroach and frog.
Human Physiology – Digestive system - organs, digestion and absorption; Respiratory system – organs, breathing and exchange and transport of gases. Body fluids and circulation – Blood, lymph, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity; Hypertension, Coronary artery diseases.
Excretion system – Urine formation, regulation of kidney function
Locomotion and movement – Skeletal system, joints, muscles, types of movement.
Control and co-ordination – Central and peripheral nervous systems, structure and function of neuron, reflex action and sensory reception; Role of various types of endocrine glands; Mechanism of hormone action.
Unit : 6 Reproduction, Growth and Movement in Plants
Asexual methods of reproduction; Sexual Reproduction - Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination (Types and agents); Fertilization; Development of embryo, endosperm, seed and fruit (including parthenocarpy and apomixis).
Growth and Movement – Growth phases; Types of growth regulators and their role in seed dormancy, germination and movement; Apical dominance; Senescence; Abscission; Photo- periodism; Vernalisation; Various types of movements.
Unit : 7 Reproduction and Development in Humans
Male and female reproductive systems; Menstrual cycle; Gamete production; Fertilisation; Implantation; Embryo development; Pregnancy and parturition; Birth control and contraception.
Unit : 8 Ecology and Environment
Meaning of ecology, environment, habitat and niche.
Ecological levels of organization (organism to biosphere); Characteristics of Species, Population, Biotic Community and Ecosystem; Succession and Climax.
Ecosystem – Biotic and abiotic components; Ecological pyramids; Food chain and Food web; Energy flow; Major types of ecosystems including agroecosystem.
Ecological adaptations – Structural and physiological features in plants and animals of aquatic and desert habitats.
Biodiversity – Meaning, types and conservation strategies (Biosphere reserves, National parks and Sanctuaries)
Environmental Issues – Air and Water Pollution (sources and major pollutants); Global warming and Climate change; Ozonedepletion; Noise pollution; Radioactive pollution; Methods of pollution control (including an idea of bioremediation); Deforestation; Extinction of species (Hot Spots).
Unit : 9 Biology and Human Welfare
Animal husbandry – Livestock, Poultry, Fisheries; Major animal diseases and their control. Pathogens of major communicable diseases of humans caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans and helminths, and their control.
Cancer; AIDS.
Adolescence and drug/alcohol abuse;
Basic concepts of immunology.
Plant Breeding and Tissue Culture in crop improvement.
Biofertilisers (green manure, symbiotic and free-living nitrogen-fixing microbes, mycorrhizae);
Biopesticides (micro-organisms as biocontrol agents for pests and pathogens); Bioherbicides;
Microorganisms as pathogens of plant diseases with special reference to rust and smut of wheat, bacterial leaf blight of rice, late blight of potato, bean mosaic, and root - knot of vegetables.
Bioenergy – Hydrocarbon - rich plants as substitute of fossil fuels.
Unit : 10 Biotechnology and its Applications
Microbes as ideal system for biotechnology;
Microbial technology in food processing, industrial production (alcohol, acids, enzymes, antibiotics), sewage treatment and energy generation.
Steps in recombinant DNA technology – restriction enzymes, DNA insertion by vectors and other methods, regeneration of recombinants.
Applications of R-DNA technology. In human health –Production of Insulin, Vaccines and Growth hormones, Organ transplant, Gene therapy. In Industry – Production of expensive enzymes, strain improvement to scale up bioprocesses. In Agriculture – GM crops by transfer of genes for nitrogen fixation, herbicide-resistance and pest-resistance including Bt crops.
The Central Board Of Secondary Education (CBSE), New Delhi, will conduct the All India Pre-Medical/Pre-Dental Entrance Examination (AIPMT),2010 pre exam on April 03, 2010, 10.00 A.M to 1.00 P.M and AIPMT main exam on May 16, 2010, 10.00 A.M to 1.00 P.M. Here is the comprehensive syllabus for AIPMT 2010 pre and main exam.
AIPMT physics Syllabus for Pre and Main exam
Unit : 1 Introduction and Measurement
What is Physics? Scope and excitement; Physics in relation to science, society and technology; Need for measurement of physical quantities, units for measurement, systems of units-SI : fundamental and derived units. Dimensions of physical quantities. Dimensional analysis and its applications. Orders of magnitude, Accuracy and errors in measurement – random and instrumental errors, Significant figures and rounding off the numbers.
Graphs, Trigonometric functions, Concepts of differentiation and integration.
Unit : 2 Description of Motion in One Dimension
Objects in motion in one dimension, Motion in straight line, Uniform and non-uniform motion, its graphical representation and formulae, speed and velocity, relative velocity, average speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time graph, position-time graph and their formulae. Relations for uniformly accelerated motion with examples. Acceleration in one-dimensional motion.
Unit : 3 Description of Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
Vectors and scalars quantities, vectors in two and three dimensions, vector addition and multiplication by a real number, null-vector and its properties. Resolution of a vector in a plane, rectangular components. Scalar and vector products. Motion in two dimensions, cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile motion, general relation among position-velocity-acceleration for motion in a plane and uniform circular motion. Motion of objects in three dimensional space (elementary ideas).
Unit : 4 Laws of Motion
Force and inertia, first law of motion. Momentum, second law of motion, impulse, examples of different kinds of forces in nature. Third law of motion, conservation of momentum, rocket propulsion. Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and kinetic frictions, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication, Inertial and non-inertial frames (elementary ideas).
Unit : 5 Work, Energy and Power
Work done by a constant force and by a variable force, unit of work, energy and power. Work Energy Theorem. Elastic and in-elastic collisions in one and two dimensions. Notions of potential energy, conservation of mechanical energy : gravitational potential energy, and its conversion to kinetic energy, potential energy of a spring. Conservative forces. Different forms of energy, mass-energy equivalence, conservation of energy.
Unit : 6 Rotational Motion
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of rigid body, general motion of a rigid body, nature of rotational motion, rotational motion of a single particle in two dimensions only, torque, angular momentum and its geometrical and physical meaning, conservation of angular momentum, examples of circular motion (car on a level circular road, car on banked road, pendulum swinging in a vertical plane). Moment of inertia, its physical significance, moment inertia of uniform bodies with simple geometrical shapes, parallel axis and perpendicular axis theorem (statements only), Comparison between translatory (linear) and rotational motion.
Unit : 7 Gravitation
Acceleration due to gravity, one and two dimensional motion under gravity. Universal law of gravitation, inertial and gravitational mass, variations in the acceleration due to gravity of the earth, statement of Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, orbital velocity, geostationary satellites, gravitational potential, gravitational potential energy near the surface of earth, escape velocity, weightlessness.
Unit : 8 Heat and Thermodynamics
Thermal equilibrium and temperature ( zeroth law of thermodynamics). Heat, work and internal energy. Specific heat, specific heat at constant volume and constant pressure of ideal gas and relation between them. First law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic state, equation of state and isothermals, pressure-temperature phase diagram. Thermodynamic processes (reversible, irreversible, isothermal, adiabatic). Carnot cycle, second law of thermodynamics, efficiency of heat engines. Entropy. Transfer of heat : conduction, convection and radiation. Newton ’s law of cooling.
Thermal conductivity. Black body radiation, Wien’s law, Solar constant and surface temperature of the sun, Stefan’s law,
Unit : 9 Oscillations
Periodic and oscillatory motions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation of motion. Oscillations due to a spring, kinetic energy and potential energy in S.H.M., Simple pendulum, physical concepts of forced oscillations, resonance and damped oscillations; Simple examples.
Unit : 10 Waves
Longitudinal and transverse waves and wave motion, speed of progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves; reflection of waves, harmonic waves (qualitative treatment only), standing waves. Normal modes and its graphical representation. Beats, Doppler effect.
Unit : 11 Electrostatics
Frictional electricity, charges and their conservation, unit of charge, Coulomb’s law, dielectric constant, electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric potential – its physical meaning, potential due to a di-pole, di-pole field and behaviour of dipole in a uniform (2-dimensional) electric field. Flux, Statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find electric field due to uniformly charged simple systems. Conductors and insulators, presence of free charges and bound charges inside a conductor, Capacitance (parallel plate), Dielectric material and its effect on capacitance (concept only), capacitances in series and parallel, energy of a capacitor. Van de Graff generator.
Unit : 12 Current Electricity
Introduction (flow of current), sources of e.m.f., cells : simple, secondary, chargeable, combinations of cells in series and parallel. Electric current, resistance of different materials, temperature dependence, thermistor, specific resistivity, colour code for carbon resistors. Ohm’s law and its limitation. Superconductors (elementary ideas). Kirchoff’s laws, resistances in series and parallel, Wheatstone’s bridge, measurement of resistance. Potentiometer – measurement of e.m.f. and internal resistance of a cell.
Unit : 13 Thermal and Chemical Effects of Currents
Electric power, heating effects of current and Joule’s law. Thermoelectricity: Seebeck effect, measurement of temperature using thermocouple. Chemical effects and Faraday’s laws of electrolysis.
Unit : 14 Magnetic Effect of Currents
Oersted’s observation, Biot-Savart’s law (magnetic field due to an element of current), magnetic field due to a straight wire, circular loop and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in a uniform magnetic field (Lorentz force), cyclotron (simple idea), forces and torques on currents in a magnetic field, forces between two currents, definition of ampere, moving coil galvanometer, ammeter and voltmeter. Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter/ammeter.
Unit : 15 Magnetism
Bar magnet (comparison with a solenoid), magnetic lines of force, torque on a bar magnet in a magnetic field, earth’s magnetic field as a bar magnet, tangent galvanometer, vibration magnetometer. Para, dia and ferromagnetic substances with examples (simple idea). Electromagnets and permanent magnets.
Unit : 16 Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction, Lenz’s Law, induced emf, self and mutual inductance. Alternating current, and voltage, impedance and reactance; A.C. circuits containing inductance, capacitance and resistance; phase relationships, and power in a.c. circuits, L.C oscillations. Electrical machines and devices (transformer, induction coil, generator, simple motors, choke and starter), eddy current.
Unit : 17 Electromagnetic Waves (Qualitative Treatment)
Electromagnetic oscillations, brief history of electromagnetic waves (Maxwell, Hertz, Bose, Marconi). Electromagnetic spectrum (radio, micro-waves, infra-red, optical, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses, propagation of electromagnetic waves in atmosphere.
Unit : 18 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Ray optics as a limiting case of wave optics. Phenomena of reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection. Optical fibre. Curved mirrors, lenses; mirror and lens formulae. Dispersion by a prism. Spectrometer. Absorption and emission spectra. Scattering and formation of rainbow. Telescope (astronomical), microscope, their magnifications and resolving powers.
Unit : 19 Electrons and Photons
Discovery of electron, e/m for an electron, electrical conduction in gases, photoelectric effect, particle nature of light, Einstein’s photoelectric equation, photocells. Matter waves – wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation, Davison and Germer experiment.
Unit : 20 Atoms, Molecules and Nuclei
Rutherford model of the atom, Bohr model, energy quantization. Hydrogen spectrum. Composition of nucleus, atomic masses, binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus, its variation with mass number, isotopes, size of nucleus. Radioactivity : properties of a, b and g rays. Mass energy relation, nuclear fission and fusion.
Unit : 21 Solids and Semiconductor Devices
Crystal structure-Unit cell; single, poly and liquid crystals (concepts only). Energy bands in solids, difference between conductors, insulators and semi-conductors using band theory. Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors,
p-n junction, semiconductor diodes, junction transistor, diode as rectifier, solar cell, photo diode, LED, Zener diode as a voltage regulator, transistor as an amplifier and oscillator. Combination of gates. Elementary ideas about IC.
AIPMT CHEMISTRY Syllabus for Pre and Main exam
Unit : 1 Some basic concepts in Chemistry
Importance of Chemistry, physical quantities and their measurement in Chemistry, SI Units, uncertainty in measurements and use of significant figures, Unit and dimensional analysis, Matter and its nature, laws of chemical combinations, atomic, and molecular, masses mole concept, molar masses, percentage composition and molecular formula, chemical stoichiometry.
Unit : 2 States of matter
Three states of matter, gaseous state, gas laws (Boyle’s Law and Charles Law), Avogadro’s Law, Grahams’Law of diffusion, Dalton’s law of partial pressure, ideal gas equation, Kinetic theory of gases, real gases and deviation from ideal behaviour, van der Waals’ equation, liquefaction of gases and critical points, Intermolecular forces; liquids and solids.
Unit : 3 Atomic structure
Earlier atomic models (Thomson’s and Rutherford) , emission spectrum of hydrogen atom, Bohr’s model, of hydrogen atom, Limitations of Bohr’s model, dual nature of matter and radiation, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, quantum mechanical model of atom (quantum designation of atomic orbitals and electron energy in terms of principal, angular momentum and magnetic quantum numbers), electronic spin and spin quantum numbers, Pauli’s exclusion principle, general idea of screening (constants) of outer electrons by inner electrons in an atom, Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule, atomic orbitals and their pictorial representation, electronic configurations of elements.
Unit : 4 Classification of elements and periodicity in properties
Need and genesis of classification of elements (from Doebereiner to Mendeleev), Modern periodic law and present form of periodic table, Nomenclature of elements with atomic number > 100, electronic configurations of elements and periodic table, electronic configuration and types of elements and s, p, d and f blocks, periodic trends in properties of elements (atomic size, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence/ oxidation states and chemical reactivity).
Unit : 5 Chemical energetics
Some basic concepts in thermodynamics, first law of thermodynamics, heat capacity, measurement of DU and DH, calorimetry, standard enthalpy changes, thermochemical equations, enthalpy changes during phase transformations, Hess’s Law, standard enthalpies of formation, bond enthalpies and calculations based on them.
Unit : 6 Chemical bonding
Kossel -Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, ionic bonds, covalent bonds, polarity of bonds and concept of electronegativity, valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory , shapes of simple molecules, valence bond theory, hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of molecules s and p bonds; Molecular orbital theory involving homounclear diatomic molecules; Hydrogen-bonding.
Unit : 7 Equilibrium
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes
Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium and equilibrium constant, homogeneous equilibrium, heterogenous equilibrium, application of equilibrium constants, Relationship between reaction quotient Q, equilibrium constant, K and Gibbs’ energy G; factors affecting equilibrium-Le Chateliar’s principle.
Ionic equilibrium
Acids, Bases and Salts and their ionization, weak and strong electrolytes degree of ionization and ionization constants, concept of pH, ionic product of water, buffer solution, common ion effect, solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products.
Unit : 8 Redox reactions
Electronic concepts of reduction - oxidation, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions.
Unit : 9 Solid state Chemistry
Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids; unit cells in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of a unit cell, packing in solids, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties.
Unit : 10 Chemical thermodynamics
Spontaneous processes, energy and spontaneity , entropy and second law of thermodynamics, concept of absolute entropy, Gibbs energy and spontaneity, Gibbs energy change and equilibrium constant.
Unit : 11 Solutions
Types of solutions, different units for expressing concentration of solution, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), definitions of dilute solutions, vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s Law, Colligative properties, lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling points and osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal values of molecular masses, van’t Hoff factor. simple numerical problems.
Unit : 12 Chemical kinetics
Rate of chemical reactions, factors, affecting rates of reactions –concentration, temperature and catalyst, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law and rate constant, differential and integral forms of first order reaction, half-life (only zero and first order) characteristics of first order reaction, effect of temperature on reactions, Arrhenius theory - activation energy, collision theory of reaction rate (no derivation).
Unit : 13 Electrochemistry
Conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variation of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), electrolytic and galvanic cells, emf. of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation, concentration cell, fuel cells, cell potential and Gibbs energy, dry cell and lead accumulator.
Unit : 14 Surface chemistry
Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity, enzyme catalysis, colloidal state, distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic, multimolecular and macromolecular colloids, properties of colloids, Tyndal effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsions - type of emulsions.
Unit :15 Hydrogen
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes of hydrogen, heavy water, hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions and structures; hydrides and their classification.
Unit :16 s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth metals):
Group 1 and Group 2 elements
Electronic configurations and general trends in physical and chemical properties, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship.
Preparation and properties of some important compounds, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate and industrial uses of lime and limestone, biological significance of Na, K, Mg and Ca.
Unit :17 General principles and processes of isolation of elements
Principles and methods of extraction - concentration, reduction, (chemical and electrolytic methods), and refining.
Occurrence and principles of extraction of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe.
Unit :18 p-Block Elements
Introduction to p-block elements
Electronic configurations and general trends in properties, viz. atomic sizes, ionization enthalpies, electronegativity values, electron gain enthalpies and oxidation states across the periods and down the groups in the p-block.
Unique behaviour of the top element in each group of the block - the covalency limit and the pp - pp overlap in some molecules (e.g. N2, O2) and its consequences; general trend in catenation tendency down each group.
Group-wise study of the p-block Elements
Group 13 - In addition to the general characteristics as outlined above, properties and uses of aluminium, nature of hydrides/ halides and oxides; Properties, structures and uses of diborane boron halides, aluminium chloride, borax, boric acid and alums.
Group 14 - In addition to the general characteristics; carbon – catenation, allotropic forms (diamond and graphite), properties and structures of oxides; silicon - silicon tetrachloride, and structures and uses of silicates, silicones and zeolites.
Group 15 - In addition to the general characteristics, the general trends in the nature and structures of hydrides, halides and oxides of these elements. Preparation and properties of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and halides of phosphorus, structures of the oxoacids of phosphorus.
Group 16 - In addition to the general characteristics, preparations, properties and uses of dioxygen, simple oxides, ozone; sulphur - allotropic forms, compounds of sulphur, preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid, industrial preparations of sulphuric acid, structures of oxoacids of sulphur.
Group 17 - In addition to the general characteristics, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, oxides and oxoacids of halogens (structures only), preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides. Interhalogen compounds (structures only).
Group 18 - General introduction, electronic configurations, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties and uses, - fluorides and oxides of xenon (structures only).
Unit :19 The d-and f-Block elements
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals –physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic property, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; preparations and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4.
Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction.
Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.
Unit :20 Coordination compounds
Introduction to ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties, and shapes; IUPAC - nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, isomerism , bonding-valence bond approach to the bonding and basic ideas of Crystal Field Theory, colour and magnetic properties. Elementary ideas of metal - carbon bonds and organometallic compounds, importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems).
Unit :21 Some basic principles of Organic Chemistry
- Tetravalence of carbon, hybridization ( s and p ), shapes of simple molecules, functional groups:-C=C-, -CC-and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur; homologous series, isomerism.
- General introduction to naming organic compounds-trivial names and IUPAC nomenclature.
- Electronic displacement in a covalent bond; inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation. Fission of covalent bond: free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles, carbocations and carbonanions.
- Common types of organic reactions: substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement reactions.
Unit :22 Hydrocarbons
Alkanes and cycloalkanes : classification of hydrocarbons, alkanes and cycloalkanes, nomenclature and conformations of alkanes and cycloalkanes.
Alkenes and alkynes : Nomenclature and isomerism, general methods of preparation, properties (physical and chemical), mechanism of electrophilic addition, Markownikoff’s rule, peroxide effect, acidic character of alkynes, polymerisation reactions.
Aromatic hydrocarbons : Benzene and its homologues, nomenclature, sources of aromatic hydrocarbons (coal and petroleum), structure of benzene, chemical reaction of benzene-mechanism of electrophilic substitution. Directive influence of substituents and their effect on reactivity.
Petroleum and petrochemicals : Composition of crude oil fractionation and uses, quality of gasoline, LPG, CNG, cracking and reforming, petrochemicals.
Unit :23 Purification and characterization of carbon compounds
- Purification of carbon compounds : filtration, crystallisation, sublimation, distillation chromatography,
- Qualitative analysis : detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
- Quantitative analysis : estimation of different elements (H, N, halogens, S and P)
- Determination of molecular masses : Silver salt method, chloroplatinate salt method, calculations of empirical and molecular formulas.
Unit :24 Organic compounds with functional groups containing halogens (X)
- Nature of C-X bond in haloalkanes and haloarenes, nomenclature, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, reactivity of C-X bond in haloalkanes and haloarenes.
- Some commercially important compounds : dichloro, trichloro and tetrachloromethanes; p-dichlorobenzene, freons, BHC, DDT, their uses and important reactions.
Unit :25 Organic compounds with functional groups containing oxygen
Alcohols and phenols : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; chemical reactivity of phenols in electrophilic substitutions, acidic nature of phenol, ethers: electronic structure, structure of functional group, nomenclature, important methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, some commercially important compounds.
Aldehydes and ketones : Electronic structure of carbonyl group, nomenclature, important methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions, relative reactivity of aldehydic and ketonic groups, acidity of a-hydrogen, aldol condensation. Connizzarro reaction, nucleophilic addition reaction to >C=O groups.
Carboxylic acids : Electronic structure of-COOH, Nomenclature, important methods of preparation, physical properties and effect of substituents on a-carbon on acid strength, chemical reactions.
Derivatives of carboxylic acids : Electronic structure of acid chloride, acid anhydride, ester and amide groups, nomenclature, important methods of preparation, comparative reactivity of acid derivatives. Some commercially important compounds.
Unit :26 Organic Compounds with functional group containing nitrogen
- Structure, nomenclature of nitro, amino, cyano and diazo compounds.
- Nitro compounds – important methods of preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.
- Amines : primary, secondary and tertiary amines, a general awareness, important methods of preparation, physical properties, basic character of amines, chemical reactions.
- Cyanides and isocyanides : preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.
- Diazonium salts : Preparation, chemical reaction and uses of benzene diazonium chloride. Some commercially important nitrogen containg carbon compounds, (aniline, TNT)
Unit :27 Polymers
Classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization-addition and condensation: addition-free radical, cationic, anionic polymerization, copolymerisation, natural rubber, vulcanization of rubber, synthetic rubbers, condensation polymers, idea of macromolecules, biodegradable polymers.
Some commercially important polymers (PVC, teflon, polystyrene, nylon-6 and 66, terylene and bakelite).
Unit :28 Environmental Chemistry
Environmental pollution – air, water and soil pollutions, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants, acid-rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, green house effect and global warming – pollution due to industrial wastes, green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for controlling environmental pollution.
Unit :29 Biomolecules
Carbohydrates : Classification, aldose and ketose, monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); important simple chemical reactions of glucose, elementary idea of structure of pentose and hexose.
Proteins : Elementary idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins; primary, secondary and tertiary structure of proteins and quaternary structure (gualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
Vitamins : Classification and functions
Nucleic acids : Chemical composition of DNA and RNA
Lipids : Classification and structure
Hormones : Classification and functions in biosystem.
Unit :30 Chemistry in everyday life
- Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antacids, antihistamins.
- Chemicals in food – preservativess, artificial sweetening agents.
- Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
- Rocket propellants : characteristics and chemicals used.
AIPMT Syllabus for BIOLOGY (BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY) exam 2010
Unit : 1 Diversity in Living World
Biology – its meaning and relevance to mankind
What is living; Taxonomic categories and aids (Botanical gardens, herbaria, museums, zoological parks); Systematics and Binomial system of nomenclature.
Introductory classification of living organisms (Two-kingdom system, Five-kingdom system); Major groups of each kingdom alongwith their salient features (Monera, including Archaebacteria and Cyanobacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia); Viruses; Lichens
Plant kingdom – Salient features of major groups (Algae to Angiosperms);
Animal kingdom – Salient features of Nonchordates up to phylum, and Chordates up to class level.
Unit : 2 Cell : The Unit of Life ; Structure and Function
Cell wall; Cell membrane; Endomembrane system (ER, Golgi apparatus/Dictyosome, Lysosomes, Vacuoles); Mitochondria; Plastids; Ribosomes; Cytoskeleton; Cilia and Flagella; Centrosome and Centriole; Nucleus; Microbodies.
Structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic, and between plant and animal cells. Cell cycle (various phases); Mitosis; Meiosis.
Biomolecules – Structure and function of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids.
Enzymes – Chemical nature, types, properties and mechanism of action.
Unit : 3 Genetics and Evolution
Mendelian inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Gene interaction; Incomplete dominance; Co-dominance; Complementary genes; Multiple alleles;
Linkage and Crossing over; Inheritance patterns of hemophilia and blood groups in humans.
DNA –its organization and replication; Transcription and Translation; Gene expression and regulation; DNA fingerprinting.
Theories and evidences of evolution, including modern Darwinism.
Unit : 4 Structure and Function – Plants
Morphology of a flowering plant; Tissues and tissue systems in plants;
Anatomy and function of root, stem(including modifications), leaf, inflorescence, flower (including position and arrangement of different whorls, placentation), fruit and seed; Types of fruit; Secondary growth;
Absorption and movement of water (including diffusion, osmosis and water relations of cell) and of nutrients; Translocation of food; Transpiration and gaseous exchange; Mechanism of stomatal movement.
Mineral nutrition – Macro- and micro-nutrients in plants including deficiency disorders; Biological nitrogen fixation mechanism.
Photosynthesis – Light reaction, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; Various pathways of carbon dioxide fixation; Photorespiration; Limiting factors .
Respiration – Anaerobic, Fermentation, Aerobic; Glycolysis, TCA cycle; Electron transport system; Energy relations.
Unit : 5 Structure and Function - Animals
Tissues;
Elementary knowledge of morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems of earthworm, cockroach and frog.
Human Physiology – Digestive system - organs, digestion and absorption; Respiratory system – organs, breathing and exchange and transport of gases. Body fluids and circulation – Blood, lymph, double circulation, regulation of cardiac activity; Hypertension, Coronary artery diseases.
Excretion system – Urine formation, regulation of kidney function
Locomotion and movement – Skeletal system, joints, muscles, types of movement.
Control and co-ordination – Central and peripheral nervous systems, structure and function of neuron, reflex action and sensory reception; Role of various types of endocrine glands; Mechanism of hormone action.
Unit : 6 Reproduction, Growth and Movement in Plants
Asexual methods of reproduction; Sexual Reproduction - Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination (Types and agents); Fertilization; Development of embryo, endosperm, seed and fruit (including parthenocarpy and apomixis).
Growth and Movement – Growth phases; Types of growth regulators and their role in seed dormancy, germination and movement; Apical dominance; Senescence; Abscission; Photo- periodism; Vernalisation; Various types of movements.
Unit : 7 Reproduction and Development in Humans
Male and female reproductive systems; Menstrual cycle; Gamete production; Fertilisation; Implantation; Embryo development; Pregnancy and parturition; Birth control and contraception.
Unit : 8 Ecology and Environment
Meaning of ecology, environment, habitat and niche.
Ecological levels of organization (organism to biosphere); Characteristics of Species, Population, Biotic Community and Ecosystem; Succession and Climax.
Ecosystem – Biotic and abiotic components; Ecological pyramids; Food chain and Food web; Energy flow; Major types of ecosystems including agroecosystem.
Ecological adaptations – Structural and physiological features in plants and animals of aquatic and desert habitats.
Biodiversity – Meaning, types and conservation strategies (Biosphere reserves, National parks and Sanctuaries)
Environmental Issues – Air and Water Pollution (sources and major pollutants); Global warming and Climate change; Ozonedepletion; Noise pollution; Radioactive pollution; Methods of pollution control (including an idea of bioremediation); Deforestation; Extinction of species (Hot Spots).
Unit : 9 Biology and Human Welfare
Animal husbandry – Livestock, Poultry, Fisheries; Major animal diseases and their control. Pathogens of major communicable diseases of humans caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans and helminths, and their control.
Cancer; AIDS.
Adolescence and drug/alcohol abuse;
Basic concepts of immunology.
Plant Breeding and Tissue Culture in crop improvement.
Biofertilisers (green manure, symbiotic and free-living nitrogen-fixing microbes, mycorrhizae);
Biopesticides (micro-organisms as biocontrol agents for pests and pathogens); Bioherbicides;
Microorganisms as pathogens of plant diseases with special reference to rust and smut of wheat, bacterial leaf blight of rice, late blight of potato, bean mosaic, and root - knot of vegetables.
Bioenergy – Hydrocarbon - rich plants as substitute of fossil fuels.
Unit : 10 Biotechnology and its Applications
Microbes as ideal system for biotechnology;
Microbial technology in food processing, industrial production (alcohol, acids, enzymes, antibiotics), sewage treatment and energy generation.
Steps in recombinant DNA technology – restriction enzymes, DNA insertion by vectors and other methods, regeneration of recombinants.
Applications of R-DNA technology. In human health –Production of Insulin, Vaccines and Growth hormones, Organ transplant, Gene therapy. In Industry – Production of expensive enzymes, strain improvement to scale up bioprocesses. In Agriculture – GM crops by transfer of genes for nitrogen fixation, herbicide-resistance and pest-resistance including Bt crops.
CBSE Board | Central Board Of Secondary Education!
Cbse board exams, board timetable, board results 2010
In 1929 the Government of India suggested to set up a joint board named as ‘ Board of High School and Intermediate Education, Rajputana.’
The setting up of this board resulted in expansion and growth at the level of secondary education but this was confined to limited states.
In 1952 , the constitution of the Board was amended wherein its jurisdiction was extended to part-C and Part-D territories and the Board was renamed as ‘Central Board of Secondary Education’.
The board follows a decentralized approach for effective and efficient functional and has its regional offices and has its regional offices in different parts of the country. The regional offices are located in Delhi, Guwahati, Panchkula Allahabad , Ajmer, and Chennai.
CBSE does not take any grant-in-aid either from the central government or any other sources. It is a self-financing body.
The prime focus of the board is on developing and updating the pedagogical skills of the teachers and administrators and devising innovative teaching-learning methodologies.
Its objectives are to conduct public examinations at the end of class 10th and 12th and grant qualifying certificates to students who clear these examinations from the affiliated institutions. It affiliates institutions to raise the academic standards and to fulfill educational requirements of students whose parents are in transferable jobs.
For more information on CBSE Board | Central Board Of Secondary Education kindly visit the official website - www.cbse.nic.in
In 1929 the Government of India suggested to set up a joint board named as ‘ Board of High School and Intermediate Education, Rajputana.’
The setting up of this board resulted in expansion and growth at the level of secondary education but this was confined to limited states.
In 1952 , the constitution of the Board was amended wherein its jurisdiction was extended to part-C and Part-D territories and the Board was renamed as ‘Central Board of Secondary Education’.
The board follows a decentralized approach for effective and efficient functional and has its regional offices and has its regional offices in different parts of the country. The regional offices are located in Delhi, Guwahati, Panchkula Allahabad , Ajmer, and Chennai.
CBSE does not take any grant-in-aid either from the central government or any other sources. It is a self-financing body.
The prime focus of the board is on developing and updating the pedagogical skills of the teachers and administrators and devising innovative teaching-learning methodologies.
Its objectives are to conduct public examinations at the end of class 10th and 12th and grant qualifying certificates to students who clear these examinations from the affiliated institutions. It affiliates institutions to raise the academic standards and to fulfill educational requirements of students whose parents are in transferable jobs.
For more information on CBSE Board | Central Board Of Secondary Education kindly visit the official website - www.cbse.nic.in
CBSE Class 10th Hindi Course A Sample Paper | Class Xth Hindi Corse A Sample Papers!
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As the board examinations are drawing near its time for students to go through previous years papers in order to have a look at the pattern of the paper.
Your search ends here. We provide you with the Hindi Course A paper for your practice.
Wish you luck.
For CBSE Class 10th Hindi Course A Sample Paper | Class Xth Hindi Corse A Sample Papers kindly click the following link -
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-hindi-a-x-2008.pdf
As the board examinations are drawing near its time for students to go through previous years papers in order to have a look at the pattern of the paper.
Your search ends here. We provide you with the Hindi Course A paper for your practice.
Wish you luck.
For CBSE Class 10th Hindi Course A Sample Paper | Class Xth Hindi Corse A Sample Papers kindly click the following link -
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-hindi-a-x-2008.pdf
CBSE Class 10th Hindi Course B Sample Paper | Class Xth Hindi Corse B Sample Papers!
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For all students who want to score high in their board examinations, its time for them to have some revision.
We provide you with Hindi Course B sample paper. This would help you to know the kinds of questions asked in the board examinations and enable you to judge how well you are prepared for the D-Day.
Wishing you all the very best.
For CBSE Class 10th Hindi Course B Sample Paper | Class Xth Hindi Corse B Sample Papers kindly visit the following link -
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-hindi-b-x-2008.pdf
For all students who want to score high in their board examinations, its time for them to have some revision.
We provide you with Hindi Course B sample paper. This would help you to know the kinds of questions asked in the board examinations and enable you to judge how well you are prepared for the D-Day.
Wishing you all the very best.
For CBSE Class 10th Hindi Course B Sample Paper | Class Xth Hindi Corse B Sample Papers kindly visit the following link -
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-hindi-b-x-2008.pdf
CBSE Class 10th Bengali Delhi Inside Sample Paper | Class Xth Bengali Delhi Sample Papers
Cbse class 10th sample papers, Bengali delhi sample papers, bengali solved sample papers, 2009 bengali inside delhi sample papers, practice sample papers 2008, bengali sample papers
Apart from the main subjects there are few other subjects that hold an important place in board examination. Bengali is one of them.
We provide you with the Bengali Delhi Inside paper.
Wish you luck.
For CBSE Class 10th Bengali Delhi Inside Sample Paper | Class Xth Bengali Delhi Sample Papers kindly click the following link-
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/class-x2007/Bengali-Delhi-X-2007.pdf
Apart from the main subjects there are few other subjects that hold an important place in board examination. Bengali is one of them.
We provide you with the Bengali Delhi Inside paper.
Wish you luck.
For CBSE Class 10th Bengali Delhi Inside Sample Paper | Class Xth Bengali Delhi Sample Papers kindly click the following link-
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/class-x2007/Bengali-Delhi-X-2007.pdf
CBSE Board 12th Exam Date Sheet 2010 | Central Board Of Secondary Education Class XII Datesheet!
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For all students Class 12th examinations are considered very crucial as they are the deciding factor for one’s career. Students appearing for CBSE board Class XII examinations are eagerly waiting for the date sheet of examinations which are scheduled for March 2010.
According to the latest information the Central Board Of Secondary Education will declare the 12th Exam date sheet for the year 2010 in last week of December.
For more information and latest updates on CBSE Board 12th Exam Date Sheet 2010 | Central Board Of Secondary Education Class XII Datesheet
kindly visit the official website – www.cbse.nic.in
For all students Class 12th examinations are considered very crucial as they are the deciding factor for one’s career. Students appearing for CBSE board Class XII examinations are eagerly waiting for the date sheet of examinations which are scheduled for March 2010.
According to the latest information the Central Board Of Secondary Education will declare the 12th Exam date sheet for the year 2010 in last week of December.
For more information and latest updates on CBSE Board 12th Exam Date Sheet 2010 | Central Board Of Secondary Education Class XII Datesheet
kindly visit the official website – www.cbse.nic.in
CBSE Class 10th Bengali Delhi Outside Sample Paper | Class Xth Bengali Delhi Sample Papers!
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We provide you with the Bengali delhi outside board examination paper.
Wish you luck.
For CBSE Class 10th Bengali Delhi Outside Sample Paper | Class Xth Bengali Delhi Sample Papers kindly visit the following link-
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/class-x2007/Bengali-Outside-X-2007.pdf
We provide you with the Bengali delhi outside board examination paper.
Wish you luck.
For CBSE Class 10th Bengali Delhi Outside Sample Paper | Class Xth Bengali Delhi Sample Papers kindly visit the following link-
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/class-x2007/Bengali-Outside-X-2007.pdf
CBSE Class 10th French Delhi Inside Sample Paper | Class Xth French Delhi Sample! Papers
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For students who will appear for their board examinations and find French to be a difficult subject. We provide you with French sample papers which will help you to know the pattern and kinds of questions asked.
Wishing you all the very best.
For CBSE Class 10th French Delhi Inside Sample Paper | Class Xth French Delhi Sample Papers kindly click the following link -
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/class-x2007/French-Delhi-X-2007.pdf
For students who will appear for their board examinations and find French to be a difficult subject. We provide you with French sample papers which will help you to know the pattern and kinds of questions asked.
Wishing you all the very best.
For CBSE Class 10th French Delhi Inside Sample Paper | Class Xth French Delhi Sample Papers kindly click the following link -
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/class-x2007/French-Delhi-X-2007.pdf
CBSE Class 10th French Delhi Outside Sample Paper | Class Xth French Delhi Sample Papers!
Cbse class 10th sample papers, french delhi sample papers, french solved sample papers, 2009 french outside delhi sample papers, practice sample papers 2008, French sample papers
We provide you with the French delhi outside sample paper for your practice.
Wish you luck.
For CBSE Class 10th French Delhi Outside Sample Paper | Class Xth French Delhi Sample Papers kindly click the following link –
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/class-x2007/French-Outside-X-2007.pdf
We provide you with the French delhi outside sample paper for your practice.
Wish you luck.
For CBSE Class 10th French Delhi Outside Sample Paper | Class Xth French Delhi Sample Papers kindly click the following link –
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/class-x2007/French-Outside-X-2007.pdf
CBSE Class 10th Sanskrit Delhi Inside Sample Paper | Class Xth Sanskrat Delhi Sample Papers!
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Sanskrit has been the language of ancient India. Many students who want to know this subject opt for it.
We provide you with previous year’s Sanskrit delhi inside paper.
Wish you luck.
For CBSE Class 10th Sanskrit Delhi Inside Sample Paper | Class Xth Sanskrat Delhi Sample Papers kindly visit the following link -
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/class-x2007/Communicative%20Sanskrit-Delhi-X-2007.pdf
Sanskrit has been the language of ancient India. Many students who want to know this subject opt for it.
We provide you with previous year’s Sanskrit delhi inside paper.
Wish you luck.
For CBSE Class 10th Sanskrit Delhi Inside Sample Paper | Class Xth Sanskrat Delhi Sample Papers kindly visit the following link -
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/class-x2007/Communicative%20Sanskrit-Delhi-X-2007.pdf
CBSE Class 10th Sanskrit Delhi Outside Sample Paper | Class Xth Sanskrat Delhi Sample Papers!
Cbse class 10th sample papers, sanskrat delhi sample papers, sanskreet solved sample papers, 2009 sanskrit outside delhi sample papers, practice sample papers 2008, sanskrit sample papers
We provide you with Sanskrit outside delhi sample papers. They will help you to have a look at the pattern of paper for board examinations and help you to prepare well for the examination.
Wishing you all the very best.
For CBSE Class 10th Sanskrit Delhi Outside Sample Paper | Class Xth Sanskrat Delhi Sample Paper kindly click the following link -
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/class-x2007/Communicative%20Sanskrit-Outside-X-2007.pdf
We provide you with Sanskrit outside delhi sample papers. They will help you to have a look at the pattern of paper for board examinations and help you to prepare well for the examination.
Wishing you all the very best.
For CBSE Class 10th Sanskrit Delhi Outside Sample Paper | Class Xth Sanskrat Delhi Sample Paper kindly click the following link -
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/class-x2007/Communicative%20Sanskrit-Outside-X-2007.pdf
Nokia 5530 Price | Nokia 5530 Xpressmusic Price in India!
Nokia 5530 Xpressmusic cost India, Nokia 5530 Mobile Price, Nokia 5530 Touch Price in New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad
Nokia 5530 Xpressmusic is yet another much-awaited touch phone from the stable of the leadng mobile manufacturer in India. Mobile buffs have been eagerly awaiting the launch of Nokia 5530 in India. The biggest attarction being the touch screen and its price.
Nokia 5530 mobile is said to have been priced in the range of Rs 13000/-
Features of Nokia 5530 XpressMusic Mobile Phone:
2.9-inch wide touch screen with up 16 million colors
3.2 megapixel camera with flash and autofocus
Responsive Touch-screen
Access to 20 favorite contacts, with their most recent emails, calls and social media updates
Excellent audio quality stereo speakers with surround sound, dedicated music keys
4GB MicroSD card included (Expandable up to 16 GB)
Nokia Stereo Headset WH-205 (In-ear headphone) and standard 3.5mm headphone jack
Nokia 5530 Xpressmusic is yet another much-awaited touch phone from the stable of the leadng mobile manufacturer in India. Mobile buffs have been eagerly awaiting the launch of Nokia 5530 in India. The biggest attarction being the touch screen and its price.
Nokia 5530 mobile is said to have been priced in the range of Rs 13000/-
Features of Nokia 5530 XpressMusic Mobile Phone:
2.9-inch wide touch screen with up 16 million colors
3.2 megapixel camera with flash and autofocus
Responsive Touch-screen
Access to 20 favorite contacts, with their most recent emails, calls and social media updates
Excellent audio quality stereo speakers with surround sound, dedicated music keys
4GB MicroSD card included (Expandable up to 16 GB)
Nokia Stereo Headset WH-205 (In-ear headphone) and standard 3.5mm headphone jack
UP Board | Uttar Pradesh madhyamik Siksha Parishad!
up board exams, board timetable, board results 2010
Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Siksha Parishad (U.P Board) was set up at Allahabad in 1921. UP Board is the biggest examining body in the world. The board has its regional offices in Bareilly, Varanasi, Meerut and Allahabad. At present there are 9121 secondary schools recognized by the U.P. Board of High School and Intermediate Education.
The main functions of UP Board are to prescribe textbooks for intermediate and high school level, to grant recognition to aspiring schools and to conduct high school and intermediate examinations.
The Director of Education of the State is Ex-Officio Chairman of the Board. The Secretary of the Board is appointed by the State Government and there are eight other Ex-officio members.
For more information and latest updates on UP Board | Uttar Pradesh madhyamik Siksha Parishad kindly visit the official website – www.upmsp.nic.in
Uttar Pradesh Madhyamik Siksha Parishad (U.P Board) was set up at Allahabad in 1921. UP Board is the biggest examining body in the world. The board has its regional offices in Bareilly, Varanasi, Meerut and Allahabad. At present there are 9121 secondary schools recognized by the U.P. Board of High School and Intermediate Education.
The main functions of UP Board are to prescribe textbooks for intermediate and high school level, to grant recognition to aspiring schools and to conduct high school and intermediate examinations.
The Director of Education of the State is Ex-Officio Chairman of the Board. The Secretary of the Board is appointed by the State Government and there are eight other Ex-officio members.
For more information and latest updates on UP Board | Uttar Pradesh madhyamik Siksha Parishad kindly visit the official website – www.upmsp.nic.in
iit jee 2010 application form | IIT JEE 2010 entrance exam!
IIT JEE (IIT Joint Entrance Examination) is held for admission into the prestigious IITs and other institutes in India. At present, there are fifteen Indian Institute of Technologies (IITs).
The application form of IIT JEE 2010 will be available from the third week of November 2009.
The last date to submit iit jee 2010 application form is the third week of December 2009.
The results of IIT JEE2009 will be declared in the Last week of the month May, 2010.
The applicant for IIT JEE must have passed Intermediate (12th standard) or equivalent having 60% (55% for SC/ST applicants). Age limit is 25 years (30 yrs for SC/ST candidates) on Oct. 1st 2009.
Candidates have to attempt 2 papers of 3 hours duration in IIT JEE entrance exam. Both papers are of objective type questions from Physics, Maths and Chemistry. Negative marking is also done for wrong answers.
The application form of IIT JEE 2010 will be available from the third week of November 2009.
The last date to submit iit jee 2010 application form is the third week of December 2009.
The results of IIT JEE2009 will be declared in the Last week of the month May, 2010.
The applicant for IIT JEE must have passed Intermediate (12th standard) or equivalent having 60% (55% for SC/ST applicants). Age limit is 25 years (30 yrs for SC/ST candidates) on Oct. 1st 2009.
Candidates have to attempt 2 papers of 3 hours duration in IIT JEE entrance exam. Both papers are of objective type questions from Physics, Maths and Chemistry. Negative marking is also done for wrong answers.
CBSE Board 12th Exam Timetable 2010 | Central Board Of Secondary Education Class XII Time Table!
Cbse time-table 2010, cbse board xiith timetable 2010, cbse 2010 time table,class 12th board timetable
According to the latest information the Central Board Of Secondary Education will declare the 12th Exam timetable for the year 2010 in last week of December.
For more information and latest updates on CBSE Board 12th Exam Timetable 2010 | Central Board Of Secondary Education Class XII Time Table
kindly visit the official website – www.cbse.nic.in
According to the latest information the Central Board Of Secondary Education will declare the 12th Exam timetable for the year 2010 in last week of December.
For more information and latest updates on CBSE Board 12th Exam Timetable 2010 | Central Board Of Secondary Education Class XII Time Table
kindly visit the official website – www.cbse.nic.in
CBSE Class 10th English Communicative Set 3 Sample Paper | Class Xth English Sample Papers
Cbse class 10th sample papers, English communicative sample papers, English set 3 solved sample papers, 2009 eng sample papers, practice sample papers 2008, set three English communicative sample papers
For all the students who will appear for the CBSE Board Class 10th Examination we provide you with English communicative set 3 sample papers of the year 2008.
This would enable you to have a look at the pattern of paper and kinds of questions asked in the board examinations.
Wishing you all the very best.
For CBSE Class 10th English Communicative Set 3 Sample Paper | Class Xth English Sample Papers kindly click the following link –
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-engcomm-x-3-2008.pdf
For all the students who will appear for the CBSE Board Class 10th Examination we provide you with English communicative set 3 sample papers of the year 2008.
This would enable you to have a look at the pattern of paper and kinds of questions asked in the board examinations.
Wishing you all the very best.
For CBSE Class 10th English Communicative Set 3 Sample Paper | Class Xth English Sample Papers kindly click the following link –
http://cbse.nic.in/curric~1/qp-engcomm-x-3-2008.pdf
CBSE Board 12th Exam Result 2010 | Central Board Of Secondary Education Class XII Results!
Cbse result 2010, cbse board xiith results 2010, cbse result 2010,class 12th board result
The Central Board Of Secondary Education conducts the board examination for Classes 10th and 12th every year in March.
The datesheet and timetable for the year 2010 will be declared in 2nd week of December.
Board examinations would commence from 1st week Of March 2010 as expected.
The results would be announced in the second week of May 2010.
The results will be made available here as and when they are declared by the Central Board Of Secondary Education.
The Central Board Of Secondary Education conducts the board examination for Classes 10th and 12th every year in March.
The datesheet and timetable for the year 2010 will be declared in 2nd week of December.
Board examinations would commence from 1st week Of March 2010 as expected.
The results would be announced in the second week of May 2010.
The results will be made available here as and when they are declared by the Central Board Of Secondary Education.
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